2147483647 to be exact. Do you lose anything over 2.1b? Therefore if your merchant makes more than 2.1b you have to store the mesos in alts?
I will try to explain it with examples. If you have 1.9b in Fredrick (mesos from your merchant that you haven't retrieve yet) and someone tries to buy a 300m item from your merchant (or for any price that goes over the 2.147.... cap) they won't be able to do so and a message will pop up on their screen saying that the owner of the store can't hold more mesos. Now, lets say you have 1.9b in your inventory and you sell someone something worth 300m via the /trade command, in this case the trade will go through but you won't get any mesos meaning: you will still be at 1.9b, the item will be transfer to the other person and their mesos will go down 300m (this actually happened to me a long time ago but I was able to get my mesos refunded, I don't know if they have fixed this since). And yes, if you wan't to hold more than 2.147b mesos then you will have to either put it in your storage (if it isn't full already) or store it in alts (prefferably in the same account so you don't lose money with taxes)
In storage I can't take out more mesos if it equals above max mesos. In normal trade this is what I am told.